‘A world without censorship is a delightful idea but a dreadful reality’. Discuss.

Censorship is the process of examining and suppressing unnecessary parts. This can be adopted by anyone in society. In modern society, censorship is debated about its benefit and its disadvantages. In addition, some critics perceived that freedom of speech and free flow of ideas are compromised due to censorship. However, I strongly disagree. Censorship can prevent people from mimicking dangerous acts. Also, censorship can maintain racial stability in a country. Most importantly, censorship can filter the right information to be released for the public. Hence, without censorship, the world would be very dreadful.

Some critics state that information disseminated by the government to the public is limited and is an act of controlling the people. Information such as policies that government wants to implement is not released. Similarly, the agenda and motive behind every government policies are not explicitly explained and are not fully disseminated to the public. Hence the public does not understand society well enough. In North Korea, the information about its nuclear power and its usage is not explicitly explained to the public. This results in the public being afraid of the presence of nuclear power. Similarly, foreign countries are afraid to approach North Korea or maybe suspicious about North Korea’s motive behind such a move. This might result in a war aroused by suspicion. Hence, censorship is deemed detrimental and should be removed. However, some level of a world with censorship is still necessary so that the government can function properly as if all information about the government is given to the citizens, it might be pre-mature and unjustified which makes governing a country more difficult.

In reality, censorship is important in filtering out unnecessary information and provides the right information to the public. The term “right” may be a point of contention as it is not a perceived view of the government which fits their political motive. The term “right” means that the form of information disseminated to the public is justified and real. For example, in the context of a recent earthquake in Fukushima, the death toll mentions by the media has many variations with some saying a death toll of 20,000 in the region. This unsettles people and breaks the optimism of the people. Hence, in this sort of media coverage, the government could prevent the death toll and the disaster situation to be released till everything is confirmed. This will then bring ease to people’s mind. Hence, a world without censorship will be dreadful.

Some critics state that freedom of speech and expressions are compromised when there is censorship. Freedom of speech and expressions are parts of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are seen as we can convey our messages more freely either in a speech or an expression of art. However, censorship limits these freedoms. Through censorship, freedom of speech is limited especially if it touches on racial issues, political uprising issues and other sensitive issues. It is deemed as an invasion into other forms of rights. Hence, one could speak or express as freely as he pleases as long as he does not make any sensitive remark. However, people find the boundaries too restrictive. For example, the issue on the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. The artist of the cartoons, even though is being charged, still strongly believes that his drawings are solely to criticise about self-censorship. It is seen as ridiculous to him for being framed for drawing a false picture of Prophet Muhammad when the Islamic people do not know his real appearance. Hence, his freedom of speech and expressions are compromised. However, it is seen as dangerous to the borders of Denmark and Countries like Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Racism caused by the Jyllands-Posten newspaper has escalated a level and caused protests across the Muslim world. It exacerbated the situation further when some of these conflicts turned into violence with instances of firing on crowds of protestors. It is therefore important in compromising freedom of speech and expressions to a safety level.

Not only does censorship provide the people with the right information, censorship is also essential in maintaining racial and religious harmony all over the world. Censorship can remove any racial or religious discrimination remark or detains any individual who made such a remark. A closer look at home, during a service in a particular church in Singapore, Pastor Rony Tan was making his speech and within his speech, he criticised Buddhism which angered the Buddhist populace. Without censorship, such issues which involved freedom of speech might cause a religious conflict in Singapore. However, there are some forms of censorship in Singapore. The day after Pastor Rony Tan made his speech; the Internal Security Department of Singapore tracked him down and persuaded him to make a public apology. This shows that censorship can prevent racial and religious issues from getting out of hand. It filters out what people should and could say so that no particular race or religion is hurt in the process. If censorship were to be removed, chaos might break loose. Hence, in addition to providing the right information, censorship is important in upholding racial and religious stability. Most importantly, censorship can prevent a dreadful reality such as cross-borders racial conflict or racial riots. Hence, it is imperative for a country to have censorship.

Some people state that censorship prevents the free flow of ideas. Ideas and information may undergo some sort of manipulation before publishing and releasing it to the public. Eliminating offensive remarks and unnecessary information are also parts of the censorship of ideas. An example to illustrate this will be the Saudi Arabia Internet Censorship. The internet censorship in Saudi Arabia is relatively tight. The Communication and Information technology Commission (CITC) established a new service for an internet user to request to block or unblock a website. In this case, it can filter unnecessary and bad information. This will only enable the free flow of good and inspiring ideas instead. Some may argue that censorship, in this case, will stifle connectivity and prevent the transfer of ideas. It prevents sharing of knowledge and technology know-how if censorship is imposed to block certain website. Hence, censorship ceases the exchange of ideas. However, censorship can filter and provide people with the knowledge that is beneficial to society and to them. For example, Operation Pangea III which shuts down website selling unregulated slimming pills. This form of censorship protects people from harmful information. So, a world without censorship can be dreadful.

Censorship is important in protecting people from mimicking dangerous acts done by professionals or restricts any forms of media which could affect the people negatively. In the context of Australia, the famous “crocodile hunter”, Steve Irwin, was a role model to many people out there who seek adventures. In 2006, when he was filming a show about the coral reef, he was pierced through the heart by a stingray. Months later, Steve Irwin “copycats” made trips to the coral reef ocean to complete his expedition. This results in an 81-years-old man being in critical condition after being attacked by stingrays. Also, before Steve Irwin’s death, due to his popularity of being a crocodile hunter, copycats begin to copy him by approaching a crocodile in the wild which results in severe injury. This shows that if censorship is not in place, people will be misled into believing that Steve Irwin’s acts are normal and harmless. This might lead to severe injury and even death. After all, censorship is important to protect the people with the safety of knowledge and information. Hence, it is imperative to uphold censorship in the country to prevent a dreadful reality.

In conclusion, it is a common error among laments to believe that censorship is absolutely detrimental. However, censorship may really be good sometimes. In order to ascertain the viability of censorship, we have to examine the purpose behind the use of censorship. An example closer to ourselves will be we will self-censor. Despite the feeling of disgust, dissatisfaction and discouragement, we often do not explicitly show our despair or hatred. We are aware of the consequence of such actions and hence, we often self-censor. Hence, it will be superfluous to say that a world without censorship is a delightful idea. Therefore, censorship is very important in preventing any dreadful consequence of social instability and the transfer of inaccurate information.

‘No more can be done, nationally and internationally, to control pandemics.’ To what extent would you agree?

Possible points for and against no more can be done, nationally and internationally, to control pandemics.

More can be done, particularly in developing countries, re: animal hygiene (the cause of recent pandemics).
• Pandemic preparedness has made good progress in recent years thanks to partnerships at regional and global levels which keep early warning communication channels open. Thus authorities in different parts of the world can heed warnings on possible causes for concern.
• Pharmaceutical companies are geared up to finding speedy answers to various viruses, albeit at a considerable cost which may not be affordable to developing countries.
• Efforts at the national level to meet health crises and control pandemics will vary because of awareness, organisation and financial clout and should be closely geared to international monitoring.

Discuss the promises and perils of science.

Science is indispensable, especially in today’s context. Science has evidently proven to be beneficial in terms of solving health problems, food shortage and its application has bestowed to the rapid enhancement in technology. Yet, it would be a myopic view and turning a blind eye to reality to gratuitously assume science brings no perils. Science can in fact attribute to the deterioration of human fundamental basic moral values as well as health risks and global warming. Nevertheless, in my view, science is a blessing rather than a curse as the benefits it has to outweigh the perils that may possibly be incurred.

Firstly, science has led to the development of medical advances that enable longer lifespan of human being and able to cure illness which was previously incurable. Coupled with the development and transportation technology, development in new vaccines has been able to tackle the salient problem of tuberculosis in Third world nations such as Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia due to their poor living conditions and improper sanitations. This problem has cost millions of deaths annually. The presence of new vaccines has mitigated the problems in these Third world countries. The overall lifespan of the people has increased greatly over the years as the number of tuberculosis-related death has reduced significantly. In addition, the development in medical sciences has allowed cardiac transplantation which was not possible in the past. The problem of a patient with end-stage heart failure does not mean that the patient cannot be cured anymore. Heart transplant is now possible with the advancement in medical sciences where death is not the only route for end-stage heart failure patient. With the absence of science, prolonging of life of individual and curing incurable illnesses would not have been possible.

However, some may argue that the development in science can cause health risk as well. Genetically Modified (GM) food has posed a number of dangers associated with the food itself. A recent study in Newcastle University has shown that the modification of food with scientific technique has caused the spread of antibiotic resistance. This makes people be more prone to illness which increases their health risks. Nonetheless, the fears of GM food have been nothing more than a media spin. The media has created a story about ‘Frankenfood’ which is deemed to be harmful. It is often claimed, for example, that those allergic to nut protein died upon eating soybeans beans to which nut DNA had been added. This is not possible because the problem was picked up during the testing of the food and it was not released into the market for consumption until it is proven safe. So the perils of science that can cause health problems due to GM food are merely a scare-monger by the media.

Secondly, the development of GM food is able to solve the problem of famine as the world population keeps increasing at an increasing rate. GM food can be produced, unlike traditional farming. It can be produced at a faster rate than that of normal farming and at a lower cost. Moreover, with the severe climate change such as drought that is happening nowadays, crops yield has reduced significantly in recent years. So, GM food can certainly able to feed the hunger in developing and even third world countries, thus solving the problem of food shortage around the globe.

Yet, naysayers may argue that GM food is too expensive to be consumed by third world countries as they are economically poor. This implies that the poor are not being advantaged by GM food by the fact that they could not afford it. But, these naysayers fail to realize that GM food has increased crops yield worldwide which causes a downward pressure on food price. Despite the poor cannot enjoy GM food directly, they are indirectly enjoying the lower price of food so as to feed their hunger in order to survive. So, science can certainly beneficial in one way or another.

Thirdly, some may argue that the development of human cloning due to science has allowed Man to play God. It is not merely intervention in the body’s natural processes, but the creation of a new and wholly unnatural process of asexual reproduction. Cloning is vastly not accepted by mostly the religious groups such as the Catholic and Muslim because they think Man should not intervene with God. They argue that cloning is thus corrupting Man’s fundamental moral values. But, this argument assumes that we know God’s intentions. Who is to say that it is not God’s will that we clone ourselves? In spite of the current high risk of cloning, if cloning were to be successfully implemented in the future, it can allow selective breeding which can be beneficial for society as a whole. Selective breeding, which is also known as Eugenics, allows ‘high quality’ people to be cloned such that they can contribute to society more in terms of their leaderships and economic contribution.

All in all, the benefits that science can bring about are certainly outweighing the costs, especially in the future as science continues to develop. However, one should be aware of the potential harms that science may cause. Hence, in my opinion, the government should be aware and help to prevent the potentially disastrous effects of science. If the perils of science were to be successfully contained all the time, it certainly brings more benefits to the individual, society as well as the world.

‘Civilisation is essentially an attitude of equal respect for all people’. Discuss.

Possible points for civilisation is essentially an attitude of equal respect for all people

• Has any civilisation ever attained this ideal?
• How far are we away today from achieving this ideal?
• Was George Orwell correct in claiming “all animals are equal but some are more equal than others”?
• What progress, if any, has been made to date on the journey towards equal respect?
• Civilisation is essentially an attitude – How closely is it linked with social mobility and equality of opportunity?
• Does respect stem from such things as status, wealth, celebrity, professional success, family, honesty and integrity, which makes it unattainable for all?

Can democracy be imposed or must it grow naturally?

Possible points for/against democracy must grow naturally

• Democracy must grow naturally as it is a tender plant that takes time to take root and flourish in new soil.
• Recent examples illustrate the above point clearly, e.g. constituent countries of the post-war eg North Korea, Iraq and Afghanistan.
• However, natural growth needs time and patience – most of the established Western democracies have evolved over centuries and are still far from perfect.
• Any imposition of democracy against the will, culture, wishes of the people will encounter major difficulties and can easily result in all kinds of conflict.

How effective are diets in helping people to lose weight and become fit?

Possible points for how effective are diets in helping people to lose weight.

• To be effective diets need to help people lose weight gradually and steadily to achieve permanent weight loss.
• This generally means adopting healthy eating habits and lifestyle with some form of fitness exercise (appropriate for the age and interests of the person involved).
• Weight loss is a multi-million-pound industry and includes some of the ‘fad’, crash and celebrity diets which are often ineffective because they are unsustainable over time and weight is piled back on when they are discontinued (yo-yo effect).
• Some crash diets can be injurious to health and medical advice should always be sought before embarking on any diet.
• How effective are diets in helping people also depends on the will-power of the participants to stick to them – sometimes joining in with others on diets on structured programmes such as Weightwatchers can help people succeed in achieving their dietary goals.

Multi-national companies often exploit the resources of other countries. To what extent should they be made responsible for any damage caused?

Possible Points for Multi-national companies often exploit the resources of other countries

• They have a responsibility to protect weak states
• Responsibility to local communities (e.g. BP in the Caribbean)
• Compensation for disruption of local livelihoods
• Fair wages
Environmental (e.g. pollution/destruction of wildlife)
• Outside monitoring
• Neglect of health and safety to cut costs
• Natural disasters
• Shared responsibility with local contractors
• Allowance for mechanical failure

‘Studying the history of your own country is of more value than studying the history of other countries.’ How far would you agree with this statement?

Possible points for studying the history of your own country is of more value

• Identity/belonging/pride
• Studying the history of your own country is easier due to access to sites/documents/evidence
• More real/interesting/meaningful
• To understand the political evolution of their country (well informed when making choices/ voting)
Other Countries:
• Avoids isolationism
• Own country’s place in world history
• Often the produce of other influences/countries/civilisations
• Migration is constant – necessary to widen studies
• The processes of human development are common to many countries
• Political borders are relatively recent developments


Both ‘your country’ and ‘other countries’ need to be considered followed by a reasoned conclusion addressing ‘more value’

Evaluate the extent to which sport and leisure should be priorities for your country

Keywords: ‘Evaluate the extent’ and ‘sport and leisure’ and ‘priorities’ and ‘your’.
Improve the health of the nation
• Constructive use of free time
• Encourage better self-image (e.g. reduce obesity)
• Participate in prestigious world events (e.g. Olympics/World Cup/Youth Olympic Games)
• Promote interest in outside work
• Escapism
• Reduce stress/depression
• Social/family benefits
• There are other financial priorities (education/economic/health/welfare)
• Basic survival
• Could just cater for a minority
• Too obsessed with winning (e.g. China/Russia)

Going Green is a luxury only rich nations can afford. Comment

The environmental issues plaguing the world today have led to many calls to save the environment. While environmental protection is necessary, many believe that going green is a luxury that only rich nations can afford. However, it can be contended that this perception is flawed. Going green is not a luxury but a responsibility that both rich and poor nations should shoulder together as both these groups have damaged the environment.

Developing nations believe that rich nations can have the luxury to go green because they are economically strong. Developed nations have undergone rapid industrialisation which has equipped them economically to adopt programmes and strategies to protect the environment. For example, countries like the United States have invested $150 billion dollars between the year 2009-2015 in renewables and other forms of cleantech. Such a luxury cannot be afforded by poorer or developing nations. Furthermore, the developing nations lack the technical know-how and the expertise to build complex infrastructure to accommodate alternate sources of energy like hydroelectrical powerplants and nuclear plants. Apart from the US, countries like Japan and Germany have invested billions in undertaking environmental protection programmes and strategies. This is only possible because these countries are already industrialised and have the necessary economic power to efficiently implement these programs. Therefore, going green is a luxury that only rich nations can afford because developing nations do not have the necessary infrastructure.

However, this is a myopic view of a serious issue that concerns everyone from rich as well as poor nations. It is unfair to put all the responsibility on the rich nations while the developing nations continue to act irresponsibly towards the environment. Developing nations too need to shoulder the responsibility of going green because it is not a matter of luxury but survival. For example, developing economies like China is the largest carbon emitter in the world both in terms of production and consumption. Similarly, in Brazil man-made fires in the Amazon for clearing land cause CO2 emissions that are detrimental to the environment. In such cases, it becomes clear that expecting rich nations to go green is unjust, especially when developing nations continue to pollute and damage the environment. Thus, going green is not a luxury but a responsibility that both rich and poor nations need to afford.

Some might argue that the damage to the environment is not that serious. Moreover, as developed nations have caused the most environmental damage through industrialisation, they should be the ones to afford the luxury of going green. They also argue that developed nations can implement green policies and build green estates. Rich nations collectively can afford to go green while giving the developing nations their chance to build the necessary cash reserves. Therefore, going green is not a luxury that developing nations cannot afford.

However, this argument is flawed because the environmental damage is not only affecting the developed nations. Many studies have shown how climate change and global warming is affecting the world. For example, a study by NASA has found that the rate of global sea-level rise has been accelerating in recent decades, rather than increasing steadily. This put several nations at risk of being completely submerged. Countries like Brazil are already facing the challenges of global warming with long droughts, excessive rains, and uncontrolled fires are all becoming a normal part of life. The rapid environmental damage is showing the consequences all across the world. All these consequences are a testament to the fact that going green is not a responsibility of only rich nations. Therefore, going green is a luxury and responsibility that both rich and poor nations need to undertake. 

In conclusion, there is a need for collective efforts from both the rich and the poor nations. It is true that green technologies cannot be adopted by all nations. However, all nations can implement necessary strategies to mitigate environmental damage with proper policies and political will.  It is essential that instead of blaming each other both rich and poor nations put in a joint effort to save the planet from the environmental catastrophe.